br Conclusion Drug abuse is

Conclusion Drug abuse is a major global health problem. Although some people that gingerol have suffered from psychostimulant abuse are able to recover, relapse occur in almost half of the cases. Also, addicts to drugs of abuse have shown persistent neuropathological changes that may be related to the profound dysfunction present in addict populations [81]. Thus, psychostimulant addiction is treated like a chronic illness, requiring repeated episodes of therapy. The symptoms of relapse are similar to those in depression and anxiety, which may require pharmacological therapy in addition to cognitive therapy and support groups. These functions all involve arousal and, therefore, the RAS. For example, impaired sleep is present during withdrawal, and insomnia-like symptoms are present in heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, and addicted users of other drugs [82]. Basically, disturbed sleep predicts relapse to alcohol and psychoactive drug abuse [83]. Just as with psychiatric and neurological disorders, rebalancing the wake–sleep homeostatic system is key to treatment response and, in fact, signals successful alleviation of symptoms. In addition, future work characterizing the role of psychostimulants on voltage-gated calcium channels in the RAS and target areas may shed some light on their mechanisms and their possible treatment.